Madrock

General Questions

• How can users gain access to the SCADA application?
• Objective to consolidate access to all information sources – i.e. to make access available to all users via a single interface
• Are any RAS modems utilised within the SCADA environment?
• Is the RAS call back feature utilised?
• Is the mandatory RAS encryption feature used?
• Are users allowed multiple attempts at authentication on the RAS?
• Has the RAS auditing feature been enabled?
• How is access between the business / corporate network and SCADA network controlled?
• How is the administrator password controlled?
• How is vendor access to the SCADA network controlled – i.e. password changes after contract has been completed?
• Are SLA’s for outsourced support agreements reviewed on a periodic basis?
• Are critical components of the SCADA Network supported by a UPS and are these batteries tested on a regular basis to ensure that they are reliable?
• What capacity management and monitoring of critical SCADA network systems is performed (i.e. CPU utilisation and hard disk drive space)?
• Are legal captions utilised during the login process to the SCADA application and associated infrastructure / devices?
• Has an intrusion detection system (IDS) been deployed within the SCADA environment?
• Has security been a focus within the development and deployment of the SCADA network?
• Is there additional staff screenings performed when staff are hired to work within the SCADA environment (inclusive of vendors etc)?

Policies & Procedures

• Is there a defined security strategy for the SCADA environment?
• Who is responsible / accountable for security management within SCADA environment? Has the ownership of this responsibility been clearly defined and/or stated in any documentation?
• Are there any periodic security reviews of the SCADA network performed?
• What procedures are in place to handle the disposal of SCADA network media and devices? Additionally, is there a process in place for the disposal of confidential information / documentation?
• Are there any policies or procedures covering the introduction of new devices to the SCADA environment?
• What formal change control procedures exist for the SCADA environment?
• Does a formal disaster recovery plan exist for the SCADA environment?
• Does a formal business continuity plan exist for the SCADA environment?
• Do physical and logical security standards differ significantly between SCADA sites?
• Has a standard operating environment (SOE) minimum baseline standard been developed for systems being introduced into the SCADA environment?
• What security logs are maintained for critical computer equipment and how often are the logs reviewed?
• Who is responsible for the reviewing of security logs?
• Has access to event logs been restricted?
• Upon commencement of employment, are users provided with IT security information as part of the induction process? Additionally, are users provided with further information on security issues on a periodic basis?
• What procedures exist to monitor dial-in access?
• Is there a formally defined backup and recovery procedure?
• Are encryption techniques and/or passwords applied to backup tapes?

Physical Access

• How is physical access to SCADA terminals controlled?
• Are SCADA control rooms segregated from other rooms?
• What building security exists at remote sites to prevent unauthorised access?
• What authentication methods are used at remote sites to allow access – i.e. swipe cards?
• Are external windows at remotes sites barred?
• What alarm systems have been employed at remote sites?

Network Security

• Have all deployed routers been configured to ensure the filtering of communications that are unauthorised or not required?
• What traffic control and monitoring capabilities have been deployed – i.e. all communication travels to a central point before traversing further on the network.
• How are dial-in facilities to the SCADA environment secured?
• How is suspicious or unusual activity on the SCADA WAN detected?
• What firewall configurations have been set up to segregate the SCADA WAN from the United Water corporate network?
• Are all key filtering devices on the network (such as routers and firewalls) configured to log all attempts to access the network? If so are they reviewed on a regular basis?
• Have the auditing features of all routers and firewalls been enabled?
• Has access to event logs been restricted?
• How is the management of patches / hot fixes controlled in regards to firewalls and routers?
• What backup and recovery measures are in place for network resources – firewalls and routers?
• Has SNMP been implemented on core infrastructure?
• Has any wireless equipment been deployed within the SCADA environment – has this been configured to a secure state?
• Are all default passwords removed from SCADA devices after implementation?
• Does a development environment exist to test changes prior to deployment into the SCADA network production environment?

Workstation Security

• What operating systems (version) are installed on SCADA terminals?
• Have operating system level passwords been activated on all SCADA terminals?
• Do passwords have an indefinite expiry date?
• What file and directory permission controls have been implemented on SCADA terminals to restrict unauthorised access by general users?
• What logs are generated at the operating system level?
• Has access to event logs been restricted?
• What tools and services at the operating system level have been restricted for general users?
• Who is responsible for patch management of SCADA terminals?
• Has an audit feature been enabled for all SCADA terminals?
• Are default services available with the operating system restricted?
• Is virus protection implemented? Is this software manually or automatically updated?
• Are shares enabled on SCADA terminals / workstations?
• Are SCADA terminals backed up on a regular basis?
• Is registry auditing of SCADA terminals performed?
• Are user reviews and associated access rights performed on a regular basis?

SCADA Application Security

• What are the username and password requirements of SCADA application?
• Are session time out features activated?
• Are complex passwords enforced to access the SCADA application?
• Are user reviews and associated access rights performed on a regular basis?

System Penetration Testing

• Internal penetration testing
• External penetration testing
• Password strength tests

Changes to the SCADA network

• Please provide / list all potential changes being considered to the SCADA network.

Procedures

• Corporate Information Protection
• Security Management
• Information Classification
• Physical (and Environmental) Security
• Personnel Security
• Security Awareness Training
• Security Incident Response
• Security Monitoring
• Network Security
• PC/Workstation Security
• Support and Operational Security Related
• Encryption and Information Confidentiality
• Authorization Controls
• Identification and Authentication Mechanisms
• Systems Life Cycle Security
• Business Continuity Planning
• Media Security
• Third Party Services

Typical concerns and points discussion:

• Inbound and out Bound FTP
• Suggest use of DMZ
• Suggest use of Secure FTP
• Suggest use of restricted secure IP addresses / tunnelling
• Suggest use of private feeds

Modem issues used with dial in services

• No dial back
• No Authentication
• No Secure ID
• Possibly automated scripts used, so hard coded usernames and passwords used.
• Internet sharing may be turned on, allowing routing via workstations.

Increased data security and integrity considerations

• Data backups
• System redundancy
• Site and content filtering
• Virus protection
• Standard system procurement (discounts and spares)
• Network and services redundancy
• Network monitoring
• Service availability monitoring
• Internal controls
• Vendor / external service supplier
• Capacity management
• Change management system
• Asset management system
• Telecommunication and telephony bulk cost discounting
• Etc.

Use and support for corporate application considerations

• Email
• Intranet
• Internet
• Corporate virus protection
• Asset management
• Change management
• Project management
• Performance / capacity management
• Reduction of Cost
• Use of corporate applications
• Reduction of manual processes

Other things to keep in mind:

• SCADA monitoring system must be isolated from network errors and systems events. This will prevent SCADA operational systems being effected by network or corporate system issues / outages.
• Review Network topology to ensure internal and external vulnerabilities are not currently being and cannot be abused.
• Review of router configurations
• Use of change management system
• Review remote dial in systems
• Firewall SCADA systems off from corporate applications
• Uncontrolled networks and systems within the SCADA environment will compromise the corporate environments integrity and security.
• Determine if systems used within SCADA are built to a standard operating environment.

I was asked some time ago what sort of things may be considered when looking at Internet Banking.

Below is a list of things which could be considered. It was just a brain dump and as such may not be complete.

Don’t underestimate the value of standard for your infrastructure, website configuration,  database engine configuration/architecture,staging environment and development/QA environments.

Some thoughts:

• Many don’t lock accounts after X failed logins, this is normally done for good customer service, but leaves the system vulnerable.

- And all the other things expected for a remote login session (forced password changes, aging, etc))
- Tools such as Brutus may be use to brute force hack authenticated sessions.

• Many allow session sequence numbers to be incremented, allowing an authenticated user to view other customer session.

- These may be server side, client side, cookie based, etc.
- Get someone to check the development methodologies and the code being used.
- Database query strings can be placed into test entry fields, allowing table dumps to browser.
- Check all pages served are secure and contain user authentication flags.

• Customer data may not be segregated, this needs to be checked.
• Customer data should not reside on the Web Server.

• Authentication databases / system data should not reside on the webserver.
• The databases should reside on a private/semi-private network.

- A different segment to the main banking system.

• Webserver should be dual homed or equivalent (some VLAN techniques are good)

- Separate private and public network cards, monitoring/backup/administration
- Infrastructure set-up to explicitly deny inbound/outbound ports, private IP & monitoring escaping from the network.

• At all data segregation points ensure rules are in place which appreciates the traffic though that point.

• All customer data where possible should be sourced from a secure back-end database.

- This may be a staging environment. i.e. no the main banking system.
- This usually allows for transactions to appear real time to the customer.
- Many transactions may be batched in reality. (internal or external to the bank)

• Ensure suitable rules have been set-up on firewalls.

- There should be inbound and outbound rules on firewalls and filtering routers.

• Don’t allow any infrastructure on the front end to allow remote administrative connections. (telnet, etc.)

- Use the serial console port to connect to a server or back-end terminal server.

• Look for the segregation / staging of online customer content from main banking systems

• Ensure that a separate development / QA / production environment system and suitable process is in place.

• Services not used by the system are active

- These should be disabled.

• Port scan of the supporting infrastructure (routers /switches) and server(s).

- Investigate the reasons for all open ports.

• Don’t use the main gateway for trusted partner access (clearing / RAS / etc.)
• Do all that standard IIS checks and NT checks (Sample scripts, change management, patching methodologies, etc.)
• Ensure denial of service precaution have been taken into account for all infrastructure and server equipment.
• Check the adequacy of the escalation procedures used.

- Look for real-time monitoring and alerting.
- Look for responsibility matrix.
- Look for ownership of issues.

• Consider upstream carrier(s) vulnerability (denial of service, IP spoofing, DNS hacking, etc)
• Consider social engineering of customer, administrative, partner accounts / systems / infrastructure.

- Helpdesk procedures and policies and/or alternate technologies (Caller ID, Gateway IP, etc.).

• Use dynamic passwords where possible (SecureID, TACACS, etc.).
• Use encrypted tunnelling where needed (IPSec, Firewall 1, etc)
• Consider looking at other customer authentication methods to enhance existing methods.

- Digital cert, IP address locked to account, etc.
- Consider use of CVV or CVN for bank issued cards.

• Consider how passwords are distributed /changed for customers.

- Plain text email, telephone, etc.
- Can passwords be changed online?

• Is additional authentication used between sections of the services once authenticated?
• Consider what the customer has access to once authenticated.

- Look at SWIFT, RTGS, inter-bank transfers, access to credit cards, etc.
- If an attacker does get in, what can the do?

• Use techniques to ensure pages, customer details are not cached at ISP, or client system.

- These are flags that can be set within pages.
- Normally SSL is cached, but some proxy vendors have been playing with techniques to do so.
- Caching of SSL pages on the client system can be turned on on some browsers.
- May banks use a Java (or similar) applet for all customer interaction, restricting all caching issues.

• Ensure paper based and on-line liability clauses are available are address all effected areas.
• Ensure within the customer sign-up process banking liability is reduced.

- I’ve seen statements like “use this system at your own risk, responsibility for any liability or claim will NOT……”
- Not very customer focused, but that’s what their legal department recommended.

All of the above can effect the security and/or operation of an on-line banking system.

Other things to consider:

• External development and support of the application.
• Ownership and management of the hardware/applications
• Publishing points for new content (internal/private/trusted network or Internet)
• Topology of front end.  i.e. Security Architecture document should be in place and managed appropriately.
• Are limited AP tests performed whenever changes are made to the environment? i.e. integrated AP into Change management process.
• Database access. Is it buffered or is it live to the core banking systems.
• What facilities are provided? Direct debit + Credit Card + SWIFT + ……. Consider different scenarios for your attack depending on the feature.
• What other services are shared within the network segment that the Internet Banking service is running. Can this be used to compromise the Internet Banking site. eg. different support/business/development organisations with differing security strategies/profiles.
• Consider all external supporting services within you AP. Look at internal/external DNS poisoning opportunities, mail relay, etc. What IPS’s do they use has the ISP any opportunity to access systems or supporting services which may affect Internet Banking.
• Depending on the size of the Bank, many organisation do not use the same support groups for infrastructure and the application. As a result external connections to the infrastructure may be provided for an external support organisation to administer the infrastructure.
• Look at the business and user authentication methods and paths (client side certs, secure ID, SMART Card, etc). Consider two factor authentication and modern user identification methods. eg. what is your favourite food in addition to normal usernames and passwords. Do system administration staff use dynamic passwords (secureID, etc)?
• See if the Internet Banking application sends email to users which may contain interesting information.
• Better access to the application can generally be gained after access to the system. i.e. get an legitimate account on the system. I have found that some sample/administration screens have been restricted to authenticated users only.
• Consider social engineering the Help desk to have an account password reset.

I found a list of useful Cisco commands which I though I would post here. The list has been updated since the original post extending on the original list from fastget2you.com.

Thanks to the fastget2you.com Joined With #missomhack Community for the original list.

ROUTER COMMANDS :

• Config# terminal editing – allows for enhanced editing commands
• Config# terminal monitor – shows output on telnet session
• Config# terminal ip netmask-format hexadecimal|bit-count|decimal – changes the format of subnet masks

HOST NAME:

• Config# hostname ROUTER_NAME

BANNER:

• Config# banner motd # TYPE MESSAGE HERE # – # can be substituted for any character, must start and finish the message

DESCRIPTIONS:

• Config# description THIS IS THE SOUTH ROUTER – can be entered at the Config-if level

CLOCK:

• Config# clock timezone Central -6
  # clock set hh:mm:ss dd month yyyy – Example: clock set 14:13:00 25 August 2003

CHANGING THE REGISTER:

• Config# config-register 0×2100 – ROM Monitor Mode
• Config# config-register 0×2101 – ROM boot
• Config# config-register 0×2102 – Boot from NVRAM

BOOT SYSTEM:

• Config# boot system tftp FILENAME SERVER_IP – Example: boot system tftp 2600_ios.bin 192.168.14.2
• Config# boot system ROM
• Config# boot system flash – Then – Config# reload

CDP:

• Config# cdp run – Turns CDP on
• Config# cdp holdtime 180 – Sets the time that a device remains. Default is 180
• Config# cdp timer 30 – Sets the update timer.The default is 60
• Config# int Ethernet 0
• Config-if# cdp enable – Enables cdp on the interface
• Config-if# no cdp enable – Disables CDP on the interface
• Config# no cdp run – Turns CDP off

HOST TABLE:

• Config# ip host ROUTER_NAME INT_Address – Example: ip host lab-a 192.168.5.1
  -or-
• Config# ip host RTR_NAME INT_ADD1 INT_ADD2 INT_ADD3 – Example: ip host lab-a 192.168.5.1 203.23.4.2 199.2.3.2 – (for e0, s0, s1)

DOMAIN NAME SERVICES:

• Config# ip domain-lookup – Tell router to lookup domain names
• Config# ip name-server 122.22.2.2 – Location of DNS server
• Config# ip domain-name cisco.com – Domain to append to end of names

CLEARING COUNTERS:

• # clear interface Ethernet 0 – Clears counters on the specified interface
• # clear counters – Clears all interface counters
• # clear cdp counters – Clears CDP counters

STATIC ROUTES:

• Config# ip route Net_Add SN_Mask Next_Hop_Add – Example: ip route 192.168.15.0 255.255.255.0 205.5.5.2
• Config# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 Next_Hop_Add – Default route
  -or-
• Config# ip default-network Net_Add – Gateway LAN network

IP ROUTING:

• Config# ip routing – Enabled by default
• Config# router rip
  -or-
• Config# router igrp 100
• Config# interface Ethernet 0
• Config-if# ip address 122.2.3.2 255.255.255.0
• Config-if# no shutdown

IPX ROUTING:

• Config# ipx routing
• Config# interface Ethernet 0
• Config# ipx maximum-paths 2 – Maximum equal metric paths used
• Config-if# ipx network 222 encapsulation sap – Also Novell-Ether, SNAP, ARPA on Ethernet. Encapsulation HDLC on serial
• Config-if# no shutdown

ACCESS LISTS:

IP Standard	1-99
IP Extended	100-199
IPX Standard	800-899
IPX Extended	900-999
IPX SAP Filters	1000-1099

IP STANDARD:

• Config# access-list 10 permit 133.2.2.0 0.0.0.255 – allow all src ip’s on network 133.2.2.0
  -or-
• Config# access-list 10 permit host 133.2.2.2 – specifies a specific host
  -or-
• Config# access-list 10 permit any – allows any address
• Config# int Ethernet 0
• Config-if# ip access-group 10 in – also available: out

IP EXTENDED:

• Config# access-list 101 permit tcp 133.12.0.0 0.0.255.255 122.3.2.0 0.0.0.255 eq telnet
  -protocols: tcp, udp, icmp, ip (no sockets then), among others
  -source then destination address
  -eq, gt, lt for comparison
  -sockets can be numeric or name (23 or telnet, 21 or ftp, etc)
  -or-
• Config# access-list 101 deny tcp any host 133.2.23.3 eq www

-or-

• Config# access-list 101 permit ip any any
• Config# interface Ethernet 0
• Config-if# ip access-group 101 outIPX STANDARD:
• Config# access-list 801 permit 233 AA3 – source network/host then destination network/host

-or-

• Config# access-list 801 permit -1 -1 – “-1″ is the same as “any” with network/host addresses
• Config# interface Ethernet 0
• Config-if# ipx access-group 801 outIPX EXTENDED:
• Config# access-list 901 permit sap 4AA all 4BB all
  - Permit protocol src_add socket dest_add socket
  -”all” includes all sockets, or can use socket numbers

-or-

• Config# access-list 901 permit any any all any all
  -Permits any protocol with any address on any socket to go anywhere
• Config# interface Ethernet 0
• Config-if# ipx access-group 901 inIPX SAP FILTER:
• Config# access-list 1000 permit 4aa 3 – “3″ is the service type

-or-

• Config# access-list 1000 permit 4aa 0 – service type of “0″ matches all services
• Config# interface Ethernet 0
• Config-if# ipx input-sap-filter 1000 – filter applied to incoming packets

-or-

• Config-if# ipx output-sap-filter 1000 – filter applied to outgoing packets

NAMED ACCESS LISTS:

• Config# ip access-list standard LISTNAME
  -can be ip or ipx, standard or extended
  -followed by the permit or deny list
• Config# permit any
• Config-if# ip access-group LISTNAME in
  -use the list name instead of a list number
  -allows for a larger amount of access-lists

PPP SETUP:

• Config-if# encapsulation ppp
• Config-if# ppp authentication chap pap
  -order in which they will be used
  -only attempted with the authentification listed
  -if one fails, then connection is terminated
• Config-if# exit
• Config# username Lab-b password 123456
  -username is the router that will be connecting to this one
  -only specified routers can connect

-or-

• Config-if# ppp chap hostname ROUTER
• Config-if# ppp chap password 123456
  -if this is set on all routers, then any of them can connect to any other
  -set same on all for easy configuration

ISDN SETUP:

• Config# isdn switch-type basic-5ess – determined by telecom
• Config# interface serial 0
• Config-if# isdn spid1 2705554564 – isdn “phonenumber” of line 1
• Config-if# isdn spid2 2705554565 – isdn “phonenumber” of line 2
• Config-if# encapsulation PPP – or HDLC, LAPD

DDR – 4 Steps to setting up ISDN with DDR Configure switch type

1. Config# isdn switch-type basic-5ess – can be done at interface config

2. Configure static routes
Config# ip route 123.4.35.0 255.255.255.0 192.3.5.5 – sends traffic destined for 123.4.35.0 to 192.3.5.5
Config# ip route 192.3.5.5 255.255.255.255 bri0 – specifies how to get to network 192.3.5.5 (through bri0)

3. Configure Interface
Config-if# ip address 192.3.5.5 255.255.255.0
Config-if# no shutdown
Config-if# encapsulation ppp
Config-if# dialer-group 1 – applies dialer-list to this interface
Config-if# dialer map ip 192.3.5.6 name Lab-b 5551212
connect to lab-b at 5551212 with ip 192.3.5.6 if there is interesting traffic
can also use “dialer string 5551212″ instead if there is only one router to connect to

4. Specify interesting traffic
Config# dialer-list 1 ip permit any
-or-
Config# dialer-list 1 ip list 101 – use the access-list 101 as the dialer list

5. Other Options
Config-if# hold-queue 75 – queue 75 packets before dialing
Config-if# dialer load-threshold 125 either
-load needed before second line is brought up
-”125″ is any number 1-255, where % load is x/255 (ie 125/255 is about 50%)
-can check by in, out, or either

Config-if# dialer idle-timeout 180
-determines how long to stay idle before terminating the session
-default is 120

FRAME RELAY SETUP:

• Config# interface serial 0
• Config-if# encapsulation frame-relay – cisco by default, can change to ietf
• Config-if# frame-relay lmi-type cisco – cisco by default, also ansi, q933a
• Config-if# bandwidth 56
• Config-if# interface serial 0.100 point-to-point – subinterface
• Config-if# ip address 122.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
• Config-if# frame-relay interface-dlci 100
  -maps the dlci to the interface
  -can add BROADCAST and/or IETF at the end
• Config-if# interface serial 1.100 multipoint
• Config-if# no inverse-arp – turns IARP off; good to do
• Config-if# frame-relay map ip 122.1.1.2 48 ietf broadcast
  -maps an IP to a dlci (48 in this case)
  -required if IARP is turned off
  -ietf and broadcast are optional
• Config-if# frame-relay map ip 122.1.1.3 54 broadcast

SHOW COMMANDS

• Show access-lists – all access lists on the router
• Show cdp – cdp timer and holdtime frequency
• Show cdp entry * – same as next
• Show cdp neighbors detail – details of neighbor with ip add and ios version
• Show cdp neighbors – id, local interface, holdtime, capability, platform portid
• Show cdp interface – int’s running cdp and their encapsulation
• Show cdp traffic – cdp packets sent and received
• Show controllers serial 0 – DTE or DCE status
• Show dialer – number of times dialer string has been reached, other stats
• Show flash – files in flash
• Show frame-relay lmi – lmi stats
• Show frame-relay map – static and dynamic maps for PVC’s
• Show frame-relay pvc – pvc’s and dlci’s
• Show history – commands entered
• Show hosts – contents of host table
• Show int f0/26 – stats of f0/26
• Show interface Ethernet 0 – show stats of Ethernet 0
• Show ip – ip config of switch
• Show ip access-lists – ip access-lists on switch
• Show ip interface – ip config of interface
• Show ip protocols – routing protocols and timers
• Show ip route – Displays IP routing table
• Show ipx access-lists – same, only ipx
• Show ipx interfaces – RIP and SAP info being sent and received, IPX addresses
• Show ipx route – ipx routes in the table
• Show ipx servers – SAP table
• Show ipx traffic – RIP and SAP info
• Show isdn active – number with active status
• Show isdn status – shows if SPIDs are valid, if connected
• Show mac-address-table – contents of the dynamic table
• Show protocols – routed protocols and net_addresses of interfaces
• Show running-config – dram config file
• Show sessions – connections via telnet to remote device
• Show startup-config – nvram config file
• Show terminal – shows history size
• Show trunk a/b – trunk stat of port 26/27
• Show version – ios info, uptime, address of switch
• Show vlan – all configured vlan’s
• Show vlan-membership – vlan assignments
• Show vtp – vtp configs

CATALYST COMMANDS
For Native IOS – Not CatOS

SWITCH ADDRESS:

• Config# ip address 192.168.10.2 255.255.255.0
• Config# ip default-gateway 192.168.10.1DUPLEX MODE:
• Config# interface Ethernet 0/5 – “fastethernet” for 100 Mbps ports
• Config-if# duplex full – also, half | auto | full-flow-control

SWITCHING MODE:

• Config# switching-mode store-and-forward – also, fragment-free

MAC ADDRESS CONFIGS:

• Config# mac-address-table permanent aaab.000f.ffef e0/2 – only this mac will work on this port
• Config# mac-address-table restricted static aaab.000f.ffef e0/2 e0/3
  -port 3 can only send data out port 2 with that mac
  -very restrictive security
• Config-if# port secure max-mac-count 5 – allows only 5 mac addresses mapped to this port

VLANS:

• Config# vlan 10 name FINANCE
• Config# interface Ethernet 0/3
• Config-if# vlan-membership static 10TRUNK LINKS:
• Config-if# trunk on – also, off | auto | desirable | nonegotiate
• Config-if# no trunk-vlan 2
  -removes vlan 2 from the trunk port
  -by default, all vlans are set on a trunk port

  CONFIGURING VTP:

• Config# delete vtp – should be done prior to adding to a network
• Config# vtp server – the default is server, also client and transparent
• Config# vtp domain Camp – name doesn’t matter, just so all switches use the same
• Config# vtp password 1234 – limited security
• Config# vtp pruning enable – limits vtp broadcasts to only switches affected
• Config# vtp pruning disableFLASH UPGRADE:
• Config# copy tftp://192.168.5.5/configname.ios opcode – “opcode” for ios upgrade, “nvram” for startup config

DELETE STARTUP CONFIG:

• Config# delete nvram

BGP:

• show ip bgp – Displays entries in the BGP routing table.
• show ip bgp injected-paths – Displays paths in the BGP routing table that were conditionally injected.
• show ip bgp neighbors – Displays information about the TCP and BGP connections to neighbors.

BGP Conditional Route Injection:

Step 1 Router(config)# router bgp as-number
-  Places the router in router configuration mode, and configures the router to run a BGP process.

Step 2 Router(config-router)# bgp inject-map ORIGINATE exist-map LEARNED_PATH
-  Configures the inject-map named ORIGINATE and the exist-map named LEARNED_PATH for conditional route injection.

Step 3 Router(config-router)# exit
-Exits router configuration mode, and enters global configuration mode.

Step 4 Router(config)# route-map LEARNED_PATH permit sequence-number
- Configures the route map named LEARNED_PATH.

Step 5 Router(config-route-map)# match ip address prefix-list ROUTE
- Specifies the aggregate route to which a more specific route will be injected.

Step 6 Router(config-route-map# match ip route-source prefix-list ROUTE_SOURCE
- Configures the prefix list named ROUTE_SOURCE to redistribute the source of the route.
Note The route source is the neighbor address that is configured with the neighbor remote-as command. The tracked prefix must come from this neighbor in order for conditional route injection to occur.

Step 7 Router(config-route-map)# exit
- Exits route-map configuration mode, and enters global configuration mode.

Step 8 Router(config)# route-map ORIGINATE permit 10
- Configures the route map named ORIGINATE.

Step 9 Router(config-route-map)# set ip address prefix-list ORIGINATED_ROUTES
- Specifies the routes to be injected.

Step 10 Router(config-route-map)# set community community-attribute additive
- Configures the community attribute of the injected routes.

Step 11 Router(config-route-map)# exit
- Exits route-map configuration mode, and enters global configuration mode.

Step 12 Router(config)# ip prefix-list ROUTE permit 10.1.1.0/24
- Configures the prefix list named ROUTE to permit routes from network 10.1.1.0/24.

Step 13 Router(config)# ip prefix-list ORIGINATED_ROUTES permit 10.1.1.0/25
- Configures the prefix list named ORIGINATED_ROUTES to permit routes from network 10.1.1.0/25.

Step 14 Router(config)# ip prefix-list ORIGINATED_ROUTES permit 10.1.1.128/25
- Configures the prefix list named ORIGINATED_ROUTES to permit routes from network 10.1.1.0/25.

Step 15 Router(config)# ip prefix-list ROUTE_SOURCE permit 10.2.1.1/32
- Configures the prefix list named ROUTE_SOURCE to permit routes from network 10.2.1.1/32.
Note The route source prefix list must be configured with a /32 mask in order for conditional route injection to occur.

DHCP

Step 1 (config)# interface ethernet0/0
(config-if)#ip address 1.1.1.1 255.0.0.0
(config-if)# no shutdown
- Configure an IP address on the router’s Ethernet port, and bring up the interface. (On an existing router, you would have already done this.)

Step 2 (config)# ip dhcp pool mypool
- Create a DHCP IP address pool for the IP addresses you want to use.

Step 3 (dhcp-config)# network 1.1.1.0 /8
- Specify the network and subnet for the addresses you want to use from the pool.

Step 4 (dhcp-config)#domain-name mydomain.com
- Specify the DNS domain name for the clients.

Step 5 (dhcp-config)#dns-server 1.1.1.10 1.1.1.11
- Specify the primary and secondary DNS servers.

Step 6 (dhcp-config)#default-router 1.1.1.1
- Specify the default router (i.e., default gateway).

Step 7 (dhcp-config)#lease 7
- Specify the lease duration for the addresses you’re using from the pool.

Step 8 (dhcp-config)#exit
- Exit Pool Configuration Mode.

This takes you back to the global configuration prompt.

Next, exclude any addresses in the pool range that you don’t want to hand out.

For example, let’s say that you’ve decided that all IP addresses up to .100 will be for static IP devices such as servers and printers. All IP addresses above .100 will be available in the pool for DHCP clients.

Here’s an example of how to exclude IP addresses .100 and below:

Optional (config)#ip dhcp excluded-address 1.1.1.0 1.1.1.100

The full DHCP reference can be found on the CISCO site.

Common Commands and Troubleshooting

• Set a password on the console line:
  • configure terminal
  • line console 0
  • password ‘cisco’
  • login
• Passwords are case sensitive.
• You must configure a password on the VTY lines, without one no one will be able to telnet to the switch/router.
• The default mode when logging into a switch/router via telnet or SSH is user exec mode, which is indicated by the ‘>’ prompt.
• To configure the switch/router you need to use the privileged EXEC mode. To do this you enter the enable command in user EXEC mode. The prompt is indicated with ‘#’.
• If both enable secret and enable password are set, the enable secret will be used.
• The enable secret is encrypted (by default) where as the enable password is in clear text.
• In a config containing an enable secret 5 ‘hash’ the 5 refers to the level of encryption being used.
• If no enable password/secret has been set when someone telnets to the device, they will get a ‘%No password set’ message. Someone with physical access must set the password.
• To place all telnet users directly into enable mode:
  • configure terminal
  • line vty 0 4
  • privilege level 15
• To put a specific user directly into privileged EXEC mode (enable mode)
  • username superman privilege 15 password louise
• Telnet sends all data including passwords in clear text which can be intercepted.
• SSH encrypts all data preventing an attacker from intercepting it.
• Setting up a local user/password login database for use with telnet:
  • configure terminal
  • line vty 0 4
  • login local
  • exit
  • username telnetuser1 password secretpass
• To set up SSH you need to create the local user database, the domain name must be specified with the ip domain-name command and a crypto key must be created with the crypto key generate rsa command. To enable SSH on the VTY lines, use the command transport input ssh.
• If you connect two Cisco switches together and the lights don’t go amber then green, but instead stays off. A straight through cable has been used instead of a crossover cable.
• The term ‘a switches management interface’ normally refers to VLAN1.
• Assign a default gateway using the ip default-gateway ipaddress command.
• You can use the command interface range fasterthernet 0/1 – 12 to select a range of interfaces to configure at once.
• MOTD banner appears before login prompt.
• The login banner appears before the login prompt but after the MOTD banner.
• The banner exec appears after a successful logon.
• line con 0 – configuring the logging synchronous on the console port stops the router from displaying messages (like an interface state change) until it detects no input from the keyboard and not other output from the router, such as a show commands output.
• exec-timeout x y (x=minutes, y=seconds) – the default is 5 minutes. Can be disabled by setting x=0 y=0
• Shortcut commands
  • Up Arrow – will show you the last command you entered. Control+P does the same thing.
  • Down Arrow – will bring you one command up in the command history. Control+N does the same thing.
  • CTRL+A takes the cursor to the start of the current command.
  • CTRL+E takes the cursor to the end of the current command.
  • Left arrow or CTRL+B moves backwards (towards the start) of the command one character at a time.
  • Right arrow or CTRL+P moves forwards (towards the end) of the command one character at a time.
  • CTRL+D deletes one character (the same as backspace).
  • ESC+B moves back one word in the current command.
  • ESC+F moves forward one word in the current command.
• show history command will show the last 10 commands run by default.
• the history size can be increased individually on the console port and on the VTY lines with the history size x command.
• Config modes
  • config t R1<config> is the global configuration mode.
  • line vty 0 4 R1<config-line> is the line config mode.
  • interface fastethernet 0/1 R1<config-if> interface config mode.

• Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) runs by default on Cisco routers and switches. It runs globally and on a per-interface level.
• CDP discovers basic information about neighboring switches and routers.
• On media that supports multicasts at the data link layer, CDP uses multicast frames. on other media, CDP sends a copy of the CDP update to any known data-link addresses.
• The show cdp command shows CDP settings.
• CDP can be disabled globally using the command no cdp run and re-enable using cdp run.
• CDP can be disabled at an interface level using the no cdp enable command at the sub-interface level.
• The command show cdp neighbor - lists one summary line of information about each neighbor. Including:
  • Device ID – the remote devices hostname.
  • Local Interface – the local switch/router interface connected to the remote host.
  • Holdtime – is the number of seconds the local device will retain the contents of the last CDP advertisement received from the remote host.
  • Capability – shows you the type of device the remote host is.
  • Platform – is the remote devices hardware platform.
  • Port ID – is the remote interface on the direct connection.
• The command show cdp neighbor detail – lists one large set (approx 15 lines) of information, one set for every neighbor. Including:
  • The IOS version.
  • VTP management domain.
  • Management addresses.
• show cdp entry name - lists the same information as the show cdp neighbors detail command, but only for the named neighbor (case sensitive).
• show cdp – states whether CDP is enabled globally, and lists the default update and holdtime timers.
• show cdp traffic – lists global statistics for the number of CDP advertisements sent and received.
• show cdp interface type number - states whether CDP is enabled on each interface or a single interface if the interface is listed, and states the update and holdtime timers on those interfaces.
• CDP should be disabled on interfaces it is not needed to limit risk of an attacker learning details about each switch or router. Use the no cdp enable interface subcommand to disable CDP and the cdp enable interface subcommand to re-enable it.
• The command show cdp interface shows the CDP settings for every interface.
• Interface status messages:
  • Interface status is down/down – this indicates a physical problem, most likely a loose or unplugged cable.
  • Line protocol is down, up/down – this indicates a problem at the logical level, most likely an encapsulation mismatch or a missing clock rate.
  • Administratively down – this indicates the interface has been shutdown and needs to be manually opened with the sub interface command no shutdown.
• The command show mac-address-table shows the mac address table. show mac-address-table dynamic sows the dynamically learned entries only.
• Most problems on a switch are caused by human error – misconfiguration.
• The command show debugging shows all the currently running debugs.
• undebug all – will turn all debugging off.
• The command show vlan brief shows a switches VLAN configuration.
• If pinging 127.0.0.1 fails on a pc, there is a problem with the local PC, most likely a bad install of TCP/IP.
• On a pc the command netstat -rn shows the pc’s routing table.
• Additional Telnet commands:
  • show sessions shows information about each telnet session, the where command does the same thing.
  • resume x, x being the session number is used to resume a telnet session.
  • To suspend a session use the command CTRL+ALT+6.
  • To disconnect an open session use the command disconnect x, x being the session number.
• Ping result codes:
  • !!!!! – IP connectivity to the destination is ok.
  • ….. – IP connectivity to the destination does not exist.
  • U.U.U – the local router has a route to the destination, but a downstream router does not.
• debug ip packet – can help troubleshooting the above ping results.
• When using traceroute or extended ping the Escape Sequence is: CTRL+SHIFT+6.
• Extended ping can only be run from enable mode.
• If a routing table contains multiple routes to the same destination with multiple next hops and the prefixes are different, the most specific (longest) prefix route will be used. If all of the prefix lengths are the same the Administrative Distance will be used. [AD/Metric].
• Administrative Distance is a measure of a routes believability, with a lower AD being more believable than a route with a higher AD. AD only comes into play if the prefix lengths are the same.
• You can set the Administrative Distance on a static route with the command ip route 55.55.55.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.2 150, you would do this to set a backup route if a dynamic route fails/is not available in the routing table.

Cisco NX-OS/IOS BGP (Advanced) Comparison

These may also assist: Undocumented Cisco Commands

Acquiring Institution
The Financial Institution which holds the Merchant Account partaking in a financial transaction, typically the first bank involved in the processing of a payment.

Applet
A small computer program which facilitates the performance of particular tasks.

Bandwidth
The capacity of a server to carry or process information. The higher the bandwidth the faster graphics-laden web pages will download.

Browser
Short for Web browser, a software application used to locate and display Web pages. The two most popular browsers are Netscape Navigator and Microsoft Internet Explorer. Both of these are graphical browsers, which means that they can display graphics as well as text. In addition, most modern browsers can present multimedia information, including sound and video, though they require plug-ins for some formats.

Caching
The automatic copying and storage of frequently used information onto a computer system – Typically caching is seen whilst surfing the internet (graphics, etc.) and used by Internet Services Providers (ISP’s) to reduce the amount of data requested from the user onto the internet.

Issuer
The Financial Institution which issued the cardholder’s account and card.

Cardholder
The individual participating in the financial transaction whose card is being credited or debited.

Card Verification Data
The additional information printed on the card to be processed. This is used to verify if the card was present when the transaction was initiated.  This is the additional digits imprinted on the card usually on the reverse side for VISA & Mastercard and on the front for AMEX.

Certificate
An x.509 certificate used to authenticate entities such as Merchants and Payment Gateways. Certificates can be used to identify and/or encrypt sensitive data such as card numbers and personal cardholder information.

CGI
Common Gateway Interface: A protocol that allows a Web page to run a program on a Web server. Forms, counters, and guest books are common examples of CGI programs.

Any piece of software can be a CGI program if it handles input and output according to the CGI standard. Usually a CGI program is a small program that takes data from a web server and does something with it, like putting the content of a form into an e-mail message, or turning the data into a database query. CGI “scripts” are just scripts which use CGI. CGI is often confused with Perl, which is a programming language, while CGI is an interface to the server from a particular program.

Client
A computer or software that requests a service of another computer system or process (a “server”). For example, a workstation requesting the contents of a file from a file server is a client of the file server. A web browser is commonly referred to as a client.

Clients and Servers
In general, all of the machines on the Internet can be categorised as two types: servers and clients. Those machines that provide services (like Web servers or FTP servers) to other machines are servers. And the machines that are used to connect to those services are clients.

When you connect to Yahoo at www.google.com to read a page, Google is providing a machine (probably a cluster of very large machines), for use on the Internet, to service your request. Google is providing a server. Your machine, on the other hand, is probably providing no services to anyone else on the Internet. Therefore, it is a user machine, also known as a client. It is possible and common for a machine to be both a server and a client !

Cookie
A file sent by some web servers to your computer’s hard drive to enable you to quickly and easily return to particular sites. Cookies give rise to privacy concerns as they are often used to store information used for marketing purposes.

The main purpose of cookies is to identify users and possibly prepare customised Web pages for them. When you enter a Web site using cookies, you may be asked to fill out a form providing such information as your name and interests. This information is packaged into a cookie and sent to your Web browser which stores it for later use. The next time you go to the same Web site, your browser will send the cookie to the Web server. The server can use this information to present you with custom Web pages. So, for example, instead of seeing just a generic welcome page you might see a welcome page with your name on it.

CRN
The Customer Receipt Number (CRN) is used to assist the card holder, the payment gateway and the transaction acquirer to confirm the transaction has been processed and to track the transaction throughout the end-to-end transaction process. This is often used when making enquiries about a transaction or for transaction tracking.

Cybersquatting
Bad faith, abusive domain name registration. Cybersquatters register company and product names as domain names with a view to selling them at inflated prices to the “rightful” owners.

/CVC
The additional information printed on the card to be processed. This is used to verify if the card was present when the transaction was initiated.  This is the additional digits imprinted on the card usually on the reverse side for VISA & Mastercard and on the front for AMEX.

Database
A collection of data: part numbers, product codes, customer information, etc. It usually refers to data organised and stored on a computer that can be searched and retrieved by a computer program.

Deep link
A hypertext link directly to a web page, often bypassing home pages or other identifying pages.

Digital Certificate
A pop up window that allows you to identify the level of encryption used to secure a particular web site.

Digital Signature
A complex numeric “signature” designed to be used, in conjunction with special software, to authenticate the sender of a message and guarantee that the contents of the message have not been altered during transmission to the recipient. The EU has adopted legislation which makes electronic signatures legally valid. The Electronic Transaction Bill (Cth) 1999 has the same effect in Australia.

Domain Name
The plain English name given to a host destination on the Internet, for example, www.madrock.net. The suffix, dot.com is known as the generic top level domain, the prefix madrock. The domain name forms part of the Internet Address or URL.

A name that identifies one or more IP addresses. For example, the domain name microsoft.com represents about a dozen IP addresses. Domain names are used in URLs to identify particular Web pages. For example, in the URL http://www.madrock.net, the domain name is madrock.net.

Download
To transfer information from one computer to your computer.

Dynamic web page
A web document that is created from a database in real-time or “on the fly” at the same time it is being viewed, providing a continuous flow of new information and giving visitors a new experience each time they visit the web site.

Dynamic web sites offer the user the ability to interact with the web site. This interaction can take place in the form of a search for products, a questionnaire that automatically posts results or online polls. Basically, dynamic web pages and content are generated from the input of the user.

EC
Electronic Commerce.

Often referred to as simply e-commerce, business that is conducted over the Internet using any of the applications that rely on the Internet, such as e-mail, instant messaging, shopping carts, Web services, and FTP, among others. Electronic commerce can be between two businesses transmitting funds, goods, services and/or data or between a business and a customer.

ECI
The Electronic Commerce Indicator (ECI), is used to determine the source of the original transaction request. This is a program that the banks have developed and have mandated it’s use.

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
Systems set up by businesses, which facilitate the electronic exchange of information.

Encryption
The process of scrambling data to prevent it being viewed by unauthorized persons.

Expiry Date
The date printed on the card indicating when the card will expire. Not to be confused with the card issue date found on some cards.

Firewall
An electronic security barrier and/or traffic filter.

Forms
Forms are web pages comprised of text and “fields” for a user to fill in with information. They are an excellent way of collecting and processing information from people visiting a web site, as well as allowing them to interact with web pages. Forms are written in HTML and processed by CGI programs.

Frame
A means of dividing a web screen into a number of compartments. Frames may give rise to legal disputes if web sites created by third parties are framed as your own.

FTP servers
One of the oldest of the Internet services, File Transfer Protocol makes it possible to move one or more files securely between computers while providing file security and organisation as well as transfer control.

Fulfilment
1. Process of supplying goods after an order has been received.
2. Process of reacting to a customer’s request, covering everything that has to happen from the time the customer places an order until they are completely satisfied.

Host
Any computer on a network that provides services or information to other computers on the network. A host is also called a server.

Integration
The software and/or business processes which combine the Merchant’s (website, back office, etc.) order processing system with the EFT Network Electronic Payment System.

IP address
Every computer connected to the Internet is assigned a unique number known as an Internet Protocol (IP) address. Since these numbers are usually assigned in country-based blocks, an IP address can often be used to identify the country from which a computer is connecting to the Internet.

Gateway
A system allowing incompatible computer networks to send and receive information.

HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
Language used to translate text documents into a form which can be sent over the web.

Hyperlink
A highlighted phrase in a document which permits linking to another document or part of a document.

Internet Content Host (ICH)
Those who host or propose to host content on the Internet. Anybody who is responsible for a web site, news group or bulletin board that contains articles, graphics or other internet content provided by others. The host may/may not also produce their own content and/or provide access to the Internet through a carriage service, ie they may also be an ISP.

Internet Service Provider (ISP)
A company that provides an Internet connection through some kind of Internet carriage service, for example Sprint, Chello Broadband, Telstra Bigpond, Adam Internet, Internode. ISP’s may/may not also be ICHs.

Mail servers
Almost as ubiquitous and crucial as Web servers, mail servers move and store mail over corporate networks (via LANs and WANs) and across the Internet.

Merchant account
This is an account set up with a bank to process credit card orders from customers.

Merchant
The entity receiving payments for goods and/or services.

Merchant Account
The merchant’s account into which transactions are credited or debited.

Merchant Server
The software installed on the Merchant’s web sites or back office system to enable real-time or batched processing of financial transactions.

Merchant Server Administrator
The individual(s) responsible for the maintenance of the Merchant Server, including issuing and importing merchant certificates.

MTL
Merchant Transaction Layer (MTL)

PAN
Primary Account Number (PAN) is the number printed on the customers card to reference the cardholder’s financial account. This is typically the card number.

Payment Gateway
The Payment Gateway provides a central point of contact/transaction switching with the banking network for the Merchant Server software or devices. The EFT Networks Payment gateway provides advanced integrated reporting, merchant integration services (Mainframe, Mini, Windows, UNIX, OS400, Desktop/Server, EFT PoS Terminals. Loyalty systems, etc.) and Merchant/Bank customised solutions not offered by regional or global banking institutions.

An online system for real-time charging of credit cards when a customer places an order. Normally requires a merchant account.

A common question from merchants is “Do we have to change banks to use payment gateways?”

The answer is NO!  – All you need to do is open a merchant facility with one of the supported banks, EFT Networks can ensure you open the correct one for your transaction needs. The merchant facility is then linked to a nominated bank account for example: Bank of New Zealand, ANZ, St George Bank, NAB, Commonwealth, Westpac, Bank of America, Bank of Scotland, Barclay’s, Bank of Queensland, etc. The money is then transferred at the end of each day from your merchant account to your nominated account.

“Pretty Good Privacy”
A type of encryption program used to scramble data.

Portal
A site that gathers together many sites under a common branding, for example, Yahoo and Excite.

Private key
The password which permits information to be decoded in a public key encryption system.

Public key
The password which is used to send a secure message in a public key encryption system.

Secure Certificate
A document that is used to certify that a user or organisation is who they say they are. They contain information about who it belongs to, who it was issued by, expiry date and information that can be used to check out the contents of the certificate. It is as an important part of the SSL system for establishing secure connections.

Server
A computer that provides a service to other computers (known as clients) on a network.

Shopping cart
A shopping cart is a piece of software that acts as an online store’s catalogue and ordering process. Typically, a shopping cart is the interface between a company’s Web site and its deeper infrastructure, allowing consumers to select merchandise; review what they have selected; make necessary modifications or additions; and purchase the merchandise.

Shopping carts can be sold as independent pieces of software so companies can integrate them into their own unique online solution, or they can be offered as a feature from a service that will create and host a company’s e-commerce site.

Spam
The use of email or newsgroups to send unsolicited information.

SSL
Short for Secure Sockets Layer, a protocol developed by Netscape for transmitting private documents via the Internet. SSL works by using a private key to encrypt data that’s transferred over the SSL connection. Both Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer support SSL, and many Web sites use the protocol to obtain confidential user information, such as credit card numbers. By convention, URLs that require an SSL connection start with https: instead of http:.

Letting your customers know that you have SSL protection gives your site credibility and may encourage customers to deal with you in confidence.

A security protocol used to protect information – typically used between the cardholder’s web browser and the merchant’s webserver and throughout the transaction processing process. 128bit SSL is typical used as a minimum level within the Payment & Financial industries.

A Secure Server uses an SSL certificate. It is generally a piece of web space that can only be dealt with by using SSL ensuring that data transferred between the web space and the browser is encrypted.

Static web page
In web site terms, static means web pages that are not interactive. Because the web site visitor does not have any control over the information provided, the pages and information do not change with each visit. There is not a two-way communication between the user (client) and the web site (server) in a static page.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
An Internet address.

Web page
A specific group of related files on the web, which is usually viewed as a single document.

Web servers
At its core, a Web server serves static content to a Web browser by loading a file from a hard disk and serving it across the network to a user’s Web browser. This entire exchange is mediated by the browser and server talking to each other using HTTP.

Web site
A collection of web pages stored on a file server.

One risk with contactless cards is the ability for the card to be activated when it enters a reader’s RF range without the owner being aware of it. To prevent a contactless card activation without the card owner being aware of it, the application can be configured to always ask for the owner’s authorisation (password, PIN or biometric) before providing any user information or processing on the user’s behalf.

e level of security of communication required between the contactless card and the reader must be defined as part of the system design and security controls must put in place so that un-invited listeners cannot intercept the data in any meaningful way. For example, all of the contactless technologies can use data encryption to protect data on the card and during transmission; this helps to ensure that, if information is intercepted, the information cannot be used by the recipient. It is important that all of the application’s requirements be understood and defined prior to any technology selection and implementation so that the appropriate security features are designed into the system.
Additionally, the contactless chip is designed to self destruct if anyone tries to hack into it.